. File Consumer Complaint (Best & Fastest Remedy)

You can file a complaint before:

• District Consumer Commission (up to ₹50 lakh)
• State Consumer Commission (₹50 lakh – ₹2 crore)
• National Consumer Commission (NCDRC) (above ₹2 crore)

Reliefs you can claim:

• Refund of excess money charged
• Compensation for mental harassment
• Interest for delay
• Penalty on the builder
• Order to give immediate possession

Consumer courts treat delay & overpricing as deficiency in service and unfair trade practice.

2️. RERA Complaint (Real Estate Regulatory Authority)

If your project is RERA-registered, you can file a complaint under Section 31.

You can claim:

• Interest for every month of delay
• Refund + interest
• Penalty on builder
• Order for timely possession

RERA is very strict about project timelines and pricing.

3️. File Complaint Under Unfair Trade Practices

Charging more than agreed price, adding unauthorized charges, or revising cost arbitrarily is illegal.

You can challenge:

• Hidden charges
• Additional construction cost
• Parking charges
• Club membership
• GST disputes

These can be challenged before Consumer Court or RERA.

4️. Civil Suit for Specific Performance / Injunction

If builder refuses to follow the agreement, you may file a civil suit for:

• Specific performance (forcing builder to hand over property)
• Permanent injunction
• Refund & damages

5️. Criminal Action (in Serious Cases)

If the builder committed fraud or cheating, FIR may be filed for:

• Section 406 IPC – Criminal breach of trust
• Section 420 IPC – Cheating
• Section 468/471 IPC – Forgery (if documents manipulated)

This is usually taken when the builder completely stops responding or misappropriates funds.

6️. Complaint to RERA Adjudicating Officer

For compensation related to:

• Delay
• Overpricing
• False promises
• Loss due to project changes

Pioneer Urban Land & Infrastructure Ltd. v. Govindan Raghavan (2019) 5 SCC 725

Facts:

Builder delayed possession for years and imposed arbitrary extra charges.

Principle:

A builder cannot take advantage of its own wrong. Delay + unfair charges = deficiency in service.

Significance:

Consumer can demand refund + interest, even if buyer agreement is one-sided.

2️. Fortune Infrastructure v. Trevor D’Lima (2018) 5 SCC 442

Facts:

Flat delayed for more than 7 years.

Principle:

If the project is delayed indefinitely, the buyer can seek full refund, not forced to wait.

Significance:

Court held that “waiting endlessly is unfair”. Buyer has the right to exit the project.

3️. Kolkata West International City Pvt Ltd v. Devasis Rudra (2019) 4 SCC 303

Facts:

Builder delayed possession for 6+ years.

Principle:

A delay beyond “reasonable time” entitles the buyer to full refund with interest.

Significance:

Even if agreement has no clear possession date, unreasonable delay is enough for refund.

4️. Experion Developers Pvt Ltd v. Sushma Ashok Shiroor (2022) 1 SCC 319

Facts:

Builder charged excess/additional amounts beyond agreement.

Principle:

Builder cannot impose any extra charge unless authorized in the buyer agreement.

Significance:

Overpricing and extra charges = unfair trade practice.

5️. Wing Commander Arifur Rahman Khan v. DLF Southern Homes (2020) 16 SCC 512

Facts:

Multiple buyers challenged delay and poor construction quality.

Principle:

Buyers are consumers. Builder must pay compensation + interest for delay.

Significance:

Class-action style case — strong precedent for group complaints.

6️. IREO Grace Realtech Pvt. Ltd. v. Abhishek Khanna (2021) 3 SCC 241

Facts:

Builder offered possession but occupation certificate was not obtained.

Principle:

Offering “symbolic possession” without OC is illegal.

Significance:

Buyer can demand refund + interest.

7️. NBCC (India) Ltd. v. Shri Ram Trivedi (2021) 5 SCC 273

Facts:

Builder delayed and demanded more money for escalation in cost.

Principle:

No increase in price unless specifically provided in the agreement.

Significance:

Strongest judgment against price escalation.

8️. Parsvnath Developers Ltd. v. Union of India (2019 NCDRC)

Facts:

Delay + forced extra charges.

Principle:

Builder must pay delay compensation at market rates.

Significance:

NCDRC imposed heavy penalties on the builder.

9️. DLF Homes Panchkula Pvt Ltd v. D.S. Dhanda (2019) 11 SCC 379

Facts:

Extra and unfair charges imposed.

Principle:

Consumer courts can strike down arbitrary costs.

Significance:

Overpricing = unfair trade practice.

10. Emaar MGF Land Ltd. v. Amit Puri (2015) 4 CPJ 036

Facts:

Delay beyond agreed date.

Principle:

Reasonable compensation must be paid for every month of delay.

Significance:

Used widely for compensation calculation.

Steps to Read a Legal Judgment (Easy & Practical Guide)

1. Start with the Case Header

Identify the basics:

• Court name
• Case number
• Parties involved
• Date of judgment
• Name of the judge(s)
  This helps you understand the context before diving in.

2. Read the Introductory Paragraph

This section usually tells you:

• What the case is about
• Which law or issue is being decided
• Whether it’s an appeal, writ, revision, or trial order

It gives a bird’s-eye view of the entire case.

3. Understand the Facts of the Case

Focus on:

• Background facts
• Chronology of events
• Key disputes between parties

Don’t get lost in unnecessary minor details.
Identify only the material facts.

4. Note the Procedural History

Check:

• Orders of lower courts
• Appeals/ revisions
• Findings already recorded

This helps you understand why the case reached this court.

5. Identify the Issues Framed

Courts clearly mention the issues/questions, such as:

• “Whether the accused had the intention…”
• “Whether the contract is enforceable…”
• “Whether the FIR should be quashed…”

These issues guide the entire judgment.

6. Examine Arguments by Both Sides

Focus on:

• Petitioner/Appellant arguments
• Respondent/State arguments
• Evidence relied upon
• Statutory provisions used

This shows how each side built its case.

7. Study the Court’s Analysis (Most Important Part)

This section contains:

• Interpretation of law
• Discussion of evidence
• Application of principles
• Precedents cited
• Logic of the judge

This is where the legal reasoning lies.

8. Read the Final Holding / Ratio Decidendi

This is the legal principle the court establishes.

Ask:

• What rule of law did the court lay down?
• How did it answer each issue?
• Why did it decide in favor of one side?

9. Note the Final Order (Operative Part)

Court may:

• Acquit / Convict
• Allow / Dismiss petition
• Quash FIR
• Grant compensation
• Modify sentence

This is the practical outcome of the judgment.

Extract Key Takeaways

For exam, practice, or drafting, write:

• Facts (short)
• Issues
• Rule of law (ratio)
• Findings
• Final conclusion
  This becomes your quick reference note.

Bonus Tips

✔ Highlight only essential paragraphs

✔ Avoid reading long quotations fully—understand the essence

✔ Compare with other similar precedents

✔ Note dissenting opinions (if any)

✔ Maintain a personal “Case Law Notebook”

1. State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal

Citation: 1992 Supp (1) SCC 335

Facts:

A corruption FIR was registered against the former CM. Bhajan Lal argued that the allegations were politically motivated and did not disclose any offence.

Principle:

The Supreme Court laid down the famous 7 categories where FIR/Criminal proceedings can be quashed.

Significance:

Most authoritative judgment on quashing FIR; every court relies on it.
Introduced “abuse of process of law” standard.

2. R.P. Kapur v. State of Punjab

Citation: AIR 1960 SC 866

Facts:

Accused sought quashing of criminal proceedings arguing no legal evidence existed.

Principle:

First classic three grounds for quashing were laid down:

1. Allegations do not constitute any offence.
2. There is a legal bar to proceedings.
3. No evidence to support allegations.

Significance:

Foundation for Bhajan Lal principles.
Still cited for “no offence disclosed” category.

3. Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. Mohd. Sharaful Haque

Citation: (2005) 1 SCC 122

Facts:

Disputes were purely commercial/civil in nature but criminal case was filed.

Principle:

Criminal law cannot be used as a weapon in purely civil disputes.

Significance:

Often used in business, property, partnership disputes where FIR is filed to pressurize.

4. Pepsi Foods Ltd. v. Special Judicial Magistrate

Citation: (1998) 5 SCC 749

Facts:

Company executives were wrongly prosecuted without proper application of mind.

Principle:

Summoning in criminal cases is serious; magistrate must apply mind.

Significance:

Used when FIR/complaint is filed against directors/companies without role or evidence.

5. State of Karnataka v. L. Muniswamy

Citation: (1977) 2 SCC 699

Facts:

Accused argued that continuing criminal proceedings serves no purpose.

Principle:

Court may quash criminal proceedings if the case is manifestly unjust, futile, or oppressive.

Significance:

Establishes High Court’s inherent power to prevent injustice.

6. Parbatbhai Aahir v. State of Gujarat

Citation: (2017) 9 SCC 641

Facts:

Settlement occurred between parties in a non-compoundable offence.

Principle:

Laid down updated principles for quashing on compromise.

Significance:

Very important in matrimonial, commercial, property disputes.

7. Gian Singh v. State of Punjab

Citation: (2012) 10 SCC 303

Facts:

Accused sought quashing of non-compoundable offences after compromise.

Principle:

High Courts can quash FIR even in non-compoundable offences if the dispute is private and parties settled.

Significance:

Key case for compromise quashing.
Clarified difference between compounding & quashing.

8. Narinder Singh v. State of Punjab

Citation: (2014) 6 SCC 466

Facts:

Parties compromised in a case involving Section 307 IPC.

Principle:

For serious offences, court must verify injury nature, weapon, intention before quashing.

Significance:

Frequently used in attempt-to-murder compromise quashing petitions.

9. Priti Gupta v. State of Jharkhand

Citation: (2010) 7 SCC 667

Facts:

Family members were falsely implicated in Section 498A IPC.

Principle:

Courts must be cautious in 498A cases; relatives cannot be roped in casually.

Significance:

Used widely in 498A quashing for distant relatives / false implication.

10. Neeharika Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra

Citation: (2021) 6 SCC 116

Facts:

Issue was whether courts can stay investigation easily.

Principle:

Courts should not pass routine stay orders on FIR investigation.

Significance:

Clarified limits of quashing at investigation stage.
Strong reminder that interference must be rare.

11. Joseph Salvaraj A. v. State of Gujarat

Citation: (2011) 7 SCC 59

Facts:

Delay in FIR and no evidence against accused.

Principle:

Weak/absent evidence grounds can be considered during quashing.

Significance:

Helpful where FIR is delayed, vague, or malicious.

12. Vesa Holdings Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Kerala

Citation: (2015) 8 SCC 293

Facts:

Commercial dispute converted into cheating FIR.

Principle:

Cheating FIR cannot survive if there was no dishonest intention at inception.

Significance:

Used for cheating (420 IPC) cases arising from business disputes.

What Happens When a Man Dies Without a Will in India?

(Intestate Succession Rules)

The rules depend on the person’s religion, because succession laws differ for Hindus, Muslims, and Christians.

1. If the Deceased Is Hindu

(Includes: Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists — governed by Hindu Succession Act, 1956)

A. Class I Legal Heirs (They get first right):

Property is divided equally among:

• Wife
• Children (son & daughter equal share)
• Mother

If any child has died earlier, their children (grandchildren) inherit their parent’s share.

B. If No Class I Heirs → Class II Heirs

These include:

• Father
• Brother & sister
• Grandchildren (from son’s daughter/son’s son)
• Relatives from paternal side

C. If No Class I or II heirs → Property goes to distant relatives

Agnates → Cognates → Government (as last resort)

Important Notes (Hindu Law):

• Daughters and sons have equal rights.
• Wife gets one equal share (not entire property).
• Children born from live-in relationships also get rights (as per SC rulings).
• Stepchildren do not inherit unless legally adopted.

2. If the Deceased Is Muslim

(Governed by Muslim personal law — not the Hindu Succession Act)

Distribution is fixed by Quranic shares.
Example (most common Sunni rules):

• Wife gets 1/8th share if children exist
• Wife gets 1/4th share if no children
• Sons get double the share of daughters
• Parents also receive fixed shares

Muslim inheritance has no “class system” — shares are predetermined.

3. If the Deceased Is Christian or Parsi

Governed by Indian Succession Act, 1925

Christian Male Dies Without a Will

Property distribution:

• Wife gets 1/3rd
• Children get 2/3rd (equally)
• If no wife → children get all
• If no children → wife & parents share equally

Additional Practical Points

1. Who gets the bank money?

Legal heirs must apply for:

• Succession Certificate (for bank accounts, investments)
• Legal Heir Certificate (for government/administrative purposes)

2. What about property in joint names?

• If it’s joint tenancy, the surviving co-owner gets it.
• If it’s tenancy in common, deceased’s share goes to legal heirs.

3. What about nominations?

• Nominee is a trustee, not the owner.
• Final ownership goes to legal heirs, not nominee.

1. Temporary Injunction (Order 39 Rules 1 & 2 CPC)

Summary:

A temporary injunction is granted to maintain the status quo during the pendency of the case. It prevents harm, loss, or change in property rights before the final judgment.

When Is It Granted?

• Risk of irreparable injury
• Prima facie case in favor of the applicant
• Balance of convenience

Example:

A tries to sell a disputed property. B files a suit and requests a temporary injunction to stop the sale until the case ends.

2. Permanent Injunction (Section 38, Specific Relief Act)

Summary:

A permanent injunction is granted after the final hearing, permanently restraining a party from doing a specific act.

Example:

A repeatedly trespasses B’s land. After the trial, the court passes a permanent injunction restraining A from entering the property forever.

3. Mandatory Injunction (Section 39, Specific Relief Act)

Summary:

A mandatory injunction directs someone to do a particular act, usually to correct a wrongful action.

Example:

A illegally builds a wall blocking B’s access road.
The court orders A to remove the wall—this is a mandatory injunction.

4. Prohibitory Injunction

Summary:

A prohibitory injunction stops someone from doing an act.

Example:

The court restrains a builder from demolishing or altering a disputed structure.

(Note: This is the most common type and includes both temporary & permanent prohibitions.)

5. Ad-Interim Injunction

Summary:

A very short-term injunction granted immediately when the matter is urgent, even before hearing the opposite party.

Example:

If A is about to cut down a valuable tree on B’s land, the court may pass an ad-interim injunction stopping A until the next hearing date.

6. Preventive Injunction

Summary:

An injunction that prevents a future or threatened wrongful act.

Example:

Stopping a contractor from starting illegal construction on government land.

(Preventive injunctions include temporary + permanent + prohibitory.)

7. Restorative Injunction

Summary:

This injunction restores the position of the parties to what it was before the wrongful act was done.

Example:

A forcibly takes possession of B’s shop.
The court orders A to restore possession to B.

8. Interim Mandatory Injunction

Summary:

A mandatory order passed during the case (not at the end) to compel urgent action.

Example:

A water supply authority illegally cuts water connection.
Court orders immediate restoration pending the suit.

Quick Table Summary