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Mob lynching refers to an act of violence — usually murder — committed by a mob or a group of people, without legal authority, often under the guise of delivering “instant justice.” It typically involves vigilante justice, where the mob believes a person has committed a crime (e.g., theft, cow slaughter, or blasphemy), and instead of letting law enforcement or the courts deal with the issue, they take the law into their own hands.

Legal Status in India (as of 2025)

There is no specific central law in India titled “Mob Lynching Law.” However, mob lynching is punishable under various provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), such as:

• Section 103 BNS – Murder (punishable with death or life imprisonment)
• Section 109 BNS – Attempt to murder
• Section 115(2)/117(2) BNS – Causing hurt/grievous hurt
• Section 191(2)/191(3)/190 BNS – Rioting, rioting with deadly weapon, and unlawful assembly
• Section 61(2) BNS – Criminal conspiracy

These provisions are used to prosecute individuals involved in mob lynching, but they do not define the collective nature or hate-motivated aspect of the crime.

Causes of Mob Lynching:

Spread of misinformation, especially on social media.

Religious or communal tensions.

Weak law enforcement and delayed justice system.

Lack of awareness and education.

Mob mentality, where individuals feel protected in a group.

Political or extremist provocation.

How Can Mob Lynching Be Prevented?

1. Strict Legal Framework

Enact a specific anti-lynching law defining lynching and assigning stringent punishment.

Fast-track courts should handle lynching cases to deliver swift justice.

2. Police Reforms and Accountability

Police must act quickly to prevent mobs from gathering or taking the law into their own hands.

Holding police officers accountable in cases of inaction or complicity.

3. Regulating Social Media

Platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, and X (Twitter) must monitor and remove fake news and hate content promptly.

Public awareness campaigns about not forwarding unverified messages.

4. Community Engagement

Local leaders, NGOs, and civil society can organize campaigns promoting communal harmony and legal awareness.

Form village or neighborhood committees to resolve disputes peacefully.

5. Educational and Awareness Campaigns

Introduce human rights and constitutional values in school curricula.

Awareness drives about the legal consequences of mob violence.

6. Political Responsibility

Politicians and public figures must avoid inflammatory speeches and condemn lynching in strong terms.

Ensure no political patronage to those involved in such crimes.

Supreme Court’s Stand

In Tehseen S. Poonawalla v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court:

• Condemned mob lynching and termed it as “horrendous acts of mobocracy.”
• Directed the central and state governments to take preventive, punitive, and remedial measures.
• Suggested enactment of special laws to deal with mob lynching.

State-Specific Laws

Some Indian states have passed special laws:

• Manipur: Manipur Protection from Mob Violence Act, 2018
• West Bengal: West Bengal (Prevention of Lynching) Act, 2019
• Rajasthan: Rajasthan Protection from Lynching Act, 2019

These laws define lynching, establish punishments, and impose accountability on police officers and district magistrates.

In Summary

• Mob lynching is not separately defined in BNS but is covered under existing provisions of murder, rioting, etc.
• The Supreme Court has urged for special laws and strict action.
• A few states have enacted special anti-lynching laws.
• It is a serious criminal offence, and victims or families can approach police, human rights commissions, or courts for justice.

The procedure for mutual divorce in India is governed primarily by the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Section 13B) for Hindus, and similar provisions exist under other personal laws and the Special Marriage Act, 1954 for interfaith or civil marriages. Below is a general step-by-step guide to the mutual divorce process:

Basic Requirements:

1. Mutual consent of both spouses.
2. The couple must have been living separately for at least one year.
3. They must be unable to live together and mutually agree that the marriage should be dissolved.

Step-by-Step Procedure:

1. Filing of Joint Petition (First Motion)

• A joint petition is filed by both spouses before the family court.
• The petition must state that:
  • They have been living separately for over one year.
  • They are unable to live together.
  • They mutually agree to dissolve the marriage.
• The petition includes terms of settlement regarding alimony, child custody, property division, etc.

2. Court Appearance & Statement Recording

• Both spouses must appear in person before the family court.
• The judge records their statements under oath.
• If satisfied, the court will pass an order accepting the First Motion.

3. Cooling-Off Period (6 Months)

• After the first motion, the law mandates a 6-month waiting period (cooling-off).
• The purpose is to give the couple time to reconsider.
• This can be waived by the court in some cases (per a 2017 Supreme Court ruling), especially if:
  • The parties have already been separated for a long time.
  • There is no possibility of reconciliation.

4. Second Motion & Final Hearing

• After 6 months (or earlier if waived), the couple appears for the second motion.
• The court ensures mutual consent still exists and reconfirms settlement terms.
• If satisfied, the court grants the final decree of divorce.

5. Divorce Decree

• The court issues a decree of divorce, legally dissolving the marriage.
• This concludes the mutual divorce process.

Timeframe:

• Normally takes 6–18 months, depending on whether the cooling-off period is waived.
• If not contested and properly filed, mutual divorces are simpler and faster than contested ones.

Documents Required:

1. Marriage certificate
2. Address proof of both parties
3. Passport-size photographs
4. Evidence of separation (e.g., rent agreements, affidavits)
5. Income and asset details (for alimony/settlement)
6. Joint petition signed by both spouses

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act) is a comprehensive law in India designed to protect children (below 18 years) from sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and pornography. It lays out procedures for reporting, recording, investigating, and trial of offences.

Here’s a step-by-step overview of the procedure under the POCSO Act:

1. Reporting the Offence

• Who can report: Anyone — the child, parent, guardian, teacher, friend, or any individual aware of the offence.
• Where to report:
  • Local Police Station (mandatory under Section 19 of POCSO)
  • Child Welfare Committee (CWC)
  • Special Juvenile Police Unit (SJPU)

Note: Police must record the statement sensitively, preferably by a woman officer, and in the child’s language.

2. Mandatory Reporting by Authorities

• Any person (including doctors, teachers, or family members) aware of the offence is legally bound to report it.
• Failure to report can lead to punishment under Section 21 of the Act.

3. Police Duties After Receiving Complaint

• Register an FIR immediately.
• Inform the CWC within 24 hours.
• Ensure the child is taken to a hospital for medical examination (if needed), preferably by a female doctor.
• Arrange for counselling and rehabilitation if required.

4. Medical Examination (Section 27)

• Conducted within 24 hours of the report.
• In presence of parent/guardian or a person the child trusts.
• For female victims, it must be done by a female doctor.

5. Recording the Child’s Statement (Section 24)

• By a police officer in plain clothes.
• At the child’s residence or a place of their choice.
• In a child-friendly and non-intimidating manner.
• Use of video recording is encouraged to avoid repeated questioning.

6. Recording Statement Before Magistrate (Section 25)

• Child’s statement is recorded under Section 164 CrPC.(183BNSS)
• The Magistrate must ensure a comfortable environment.

7. Investigation

• Police must complete investigation within two months from the date of FIR as per the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018.

8. Filing of Charge Sheet

• Submitted before the Special POCSO Court.

9. Trial in Special Court

• Conducted in-camera and in a child-friendly environment.
• Trial must be completed within six months from the date of taking cognizance.
• The identity of the child must be strictly protected (Section 33(7)).

10. Victim Compensation

• Courts can order interim or final compensation for medical, rehabilitation, or other support under Section 33(8) read with Section 357A CRPC (396BNSS).

11. Appeal

• Any person aggrieved by the judgment of the Special Court may file an appeal as per Section 374 CrPC.(415BNSS).

Key Principles Underlying the Procedure:

• Best interest of the child.
• Non-criminalization of consensual acts between children of similar age (as clarified by courts).
• Child-friendly justice process.

The Domestic Violence Act, formally known as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), provides a legal framework to protect women from domestic violence in India. The procedure under this Act is designed to be accessible, speedy, and victim-centric. Here’s an overview of the procedure under the DV Act:

1. Filing a Complaint

• Who can file: The aggrieved woman herself, a relative, a Protection Officer, or any public-spirited individual.
• Where to file:
  • Local Police Station
  • Protection Officer appointed under the Act
  • Magistrate’s Court (usually the Judicial Magistrate of First Class or Metropolitan Magistrate)
• No court fee is required.

2. Role of Protection Officer

• Assists the aggrieved woman in filing the complaint.
• Helps file a Domestic Incident Report (DIR) and submits it to the Magistrate.
• Ensures the woman receives medical aid, legal aid, counseling, and shelter if needed.

3. Magistrate’s Proceedings

• The Magistrate receives the DIR and may call both parties for hearing.
• The matter is generally disposed of within 60 days.
• Magistrate may issue:
  • Protection Order – restraining the abuser from committing further acts of violence.
  • Residence Order – ensuring the woman’s right to reside in the shared household.
  • Monetary Relief – for expenses incurred, including medical, loss of earnings, etc.
  • Custody Order – for custody of children.
  • Compensation Order – for physical/mental injuries or emotional distress.

4. Interim and Ex Parte Orders

• Magistrate may grant interim orders even without hearing the respondent (ex parte), especially if immediate protection is needed.

5. Service of Notice

• The court sends notice to the respondent (accused) through Protection Officer or police.

6. Respondent’s Appearance & Defence

• The respondent is given an opportunity to appear and file a response.
• The court conducts summary proceedings—simple and quick.

7. Final Order and Enforcement

• After hearing both parties, the Magistrate may issue final orders.
• Breach of any order (e.g., protection, residence, custody) is a criminal offence under Section 31 of the Act—punishable with imprisonment up to 1 year and/or fine.

8. Appeal

• Either party can file an appeal to the Sessions Court within 30 days of the order.

Key Features of the DV Act Procedure:

• Civil in nature but enforceable through criminal penalties for violations.
• Provides relief without divorce—meant for married women, live-in relationships, and family settings.
• Victim-friendly with scope for interim relief and speedy disposal.

Objective: To provide quick and effective financial relief (maintenance) to a:

• Wife
• Child (legitimate/illegitimate, minor/major but unable to maintain themselves)
• Father or mother

From a person who has sufficient means but neglects or refuses to maintain them.

Step-by-Step Procedure of a 125 CrPC Case

1. Filing of Petition

• Petition is filed by the aggrieved party (usually wife or child) before the Magistrate of First Class.
• Can be filed in the place where:
  • The applicant resides,
  • Or where the respondent resides.

Petition should include:

• Marriage or relationship details
• Neglect or refusal to maintain
• Financial status of the respondent
• Amount of maintenance sought

2. Issuance of Notice

• Court issues notice/summons to the respondent (usually husband or father).
• The respondent is given time to appear and reply.

3. Filing of Written Statement

• The respondent files a written reply/objection stating their version and grounds for denial (e.g., wife left without reason, denial of marriage, etc.).

4. Evidence Stage

• Both parties submit affidavits, documents, income proof, and may also present witnesses.
• Cross-examination follows.

5. Interim Maintenance (Section 125(1) Proviso)

• The court may grant interim maintenance during the pendency of the case based on need and prima facie assessment.

6. Final Arguments

• Oral arguments or written submissions are made by both sides.

7. Judgment and Order

• The Magistrate passes an order for monthly maintenance based on:
  • Need of the claimant
  • Income and means of the respondent
  • Lifestyle, dependents, and expenses

8. Execution of Maintenance Order

• If maintenance is not paid, the claimant can file an execution petition under Section 128 CrPC.
• The Magistrate can issue:
  • Warrant for attachment
  • Arrest of respondent (max 1 month imprisonment for each default)

Key Legal Points

🔎 Important Case Laws

• Shah Bano Case (1985) – Affirmed Muslim woman’s right to maintenance under Section 125 CrPC.
• Rajnesh v. Neha (2020) – SC laid guidelines for maintenance claim, documents, and timelines.
• Dwarika Prasad Satpathy v. Bidyut Prava Dixit (1999) – Proof of valid marriage not strictly required if cohabitation is proven.

The procedure for resolving a commercial dispute in India typically follows the civil litigation process, but with some key differences due to the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, which governs commercial disputes of a specified value (generally ₹3 lakhs and above). Here’s a step-by-step outline:

PROCEDURE FOR COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA:

1. Identifying the Dispute as a ‘Commercial Dispute’

Under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, commercial disputes include:

• Disputes related to trade, business, and commerce
• Partnership or joint venture issues
• Intellectual property disputes
• Sale of goods/services
• Construction and infrastructure contracts
• Banking and financial services, etc.

If the value of the subject matter is ₹3,00,000 or more, it qualifies as a “commercial dispute.”

2. Pre-Institution Mediation (Compulsory in most cases)

• Before filing a suit, the party must send a notice and try pre-institution mediation under the Commercial Courts Act (Section 12A).
• Mediation is conducted by the State Legal Services Authority (SLSA).
• If mediation fails within 3 months (extendable by 2 months), the plaintiff can proceed to file a suit.
• Exception: If urgent interim relief is sought, pre-litigation mediation is not mandatory.

3. Filing of Commercial Suit

• The commercial suit is filed in the Commercial Court (District level) or Commercial Division of the High Court, depending on pecuniary jurisdiction.
• The plaint (legal complaint) must contain:
  • Specific details of the dispute
  • Precise valuation of the claim
  • List of documents with the Statement of Truth (affidavit under Order VI Rule 15A CPC)

4. Scrutiny and Issue of Summons

• Court scrutinizes the plaint.
• If found in order, summons are issued to the defendant to appear and file a written statement within 30 days (extendable to a maximum of 120 days).

5. Filing of Written Statement

• The defendant files a written statement (WS) within the prescribed period.
• Delay beyond 120 days will result in the defendant losing the right to file a WS.

6. Framing of Issues

• The court frames issues (questions of law/fact that need to be decided).

7. Evidence and Trial

• Parties submit their evidence by way of affidavits.
• Cross-examination of witnesses follows.
• The trial proceeds based on the evidence.

8. Final Arguments and Judgment

• After the trial, both sides present final arguments.
• The court delivers its judgment, ideally within 90 days from the conclusion of arguments.

9. Appeal

• An appeal lies to the Commercial Appellate Division of the High Court within 60 days from the date of judgment.

Time-bound Procedure

• Commercial Courts aim to dispose of cases expeditiously.
• Strict timelines are enforced under the Commercial Courts Act to prevent delay tactics.

Key Legal Provisions Involved:

• Commercial Courts Act, 2015 (Amended 2018)
• Civil Procedure Code (CPC) as amended for commercial suits
• Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, if there is an arbitration clause

Here’s a step-by-step guide to the procedure of a MACT (Motor Accident Claims Tribunal) case in India, designed for easy understanding and reference:

⚖️ MACT Case Procedure (Motor Accident Claims Tribunal)

Under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (primarily Sections 165–176), Motor Accident Claims Tribunals are empowered to adjudicate compensation claims for death, injury, or property damage due to motor vehicle accidents.

📌 1. Filing the Claim Petition

• Filed by:
  • Injured person
  • Legal heirs of the deceased (in case of death)
  • Property owner (if damage)
• Must be filed before the MACT having jurisdiction over the accident location or claimant’s residence.
• Time limit: Ideally within 6 months of the accident (Section 166(3), though not strictly enforced post 1994 amendment).

📄 2. Contents of the Claim Petition

• Name, age, and occupation of the injured/deceased
• Date, time, and place of accident
• Police report details (FIR, charge sheet)
• Hospital and medical bills
• Insurance details of the offending vehicle
• Details of driver, owner, and insurer

📬 3. Notice to Respondents

• Tribunal issues notice to:
  • Owner and driver of the offending vehicle
  • Insurance company
• They must file their written statement/reply.

⚖️ 4. Framing of Issues

• Tribunal frames points for determination, such as:
  • Was the accident due to rash and negligent driving?
  • Is the insurer liable to pay?
  • What is the quantum of compensation?

🧾 5. Evidence Stage

• Parties present documentary and oral evidence:
  • Medical records, eyewitnesses, accident reports, income proof
• Cross-examination of witnesses

🗣️ 6. Final Arguments

• Both parties make oral or written submissions before the tribunal.

🧑‍⚖️ 7. Judgment and Award

• Tribunal passes an award determining:
  • Liability
  • Amount of compensation
  • Apportionment (if multiple dependents)
• Award is binding unless challenged.

💸 8. Compensation Disbursement

• Usually directed to be paid by the insurance company.
• Paid via cheque or bank transfer to claimant or legal heirs.
• Sometimes kept in fixed deposit for minors or illiterate claimants.

🔁 9. Appeal

• Appeal against MACT award lies to the High Court under Section 173 MV Act.
• Must be filed within 90 days of the award.

📚 Key Legal Provisions

The procedure for filing and pursuing a cheque bounce case (under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881) in India involves several clear legal steps. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Step-by-Step Procedure of a Cheque Bounce Case in India

Step 1: Presentation of the Cheque

• The payee presents the cheque to the bank within its validity (usually 3 months from the date on the cheque).
• If the cheque bounces due to insufficient funds, account closure, or any other reason, the bank issues a “Cheque Return Memo.”

Step 2: Issuance of Legal Demand Notice

• The payee must send a legal notice to the drawer of the cheque within 30 days of receiving the “Cheque Return Memo.”
• The notice must:
  • Inform about the dishonour.
  • Demand payment of the cheque amount.
  • Give the drawer 15 days to make the payment.

Step 3: Waiting Period

• After sending the notice, the drawer is given 15 days to make the payment.
• If the drawer pays within 15 days – case ends.
• If the drawer fails to pay – proceed to file a complaint.

Step 4: Filing of Complaint in Court

• A complaint must be filed under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act within 30 days of the expiry of the 15-day notice period.
• The complaint is filed in a Magistrate’s Court having jurisdiction (usually where the bank of the payee is located).
• Documents needed:
  • Copy of the bounced cheque.
  • Cheque return memo.
  • Copy of the legal notice sent.
  • Postal or courier receipt showing notice was delivered/sent.
  • Affidavit and complaint form.

Step 5: Cognizance and Summons by the Court

• The Magistrate examines the complaint and supporting documents.
• If prima facie case is made out, the court issues summons to the drawer (accused).

Step 6: Appearance of Accused

• The accused appears in court and may:
  • Seek bail.
  • Contest the case or try to settle.
• The court may refer the matter for mediation.

Step 7: Evidence Stage

• The complainant presents evidence (oral or documentary).
• The accused is given the opportunity to cross-examine.
• The accused may present their defence evidence.

Step 8: Final Arguments & Judgment

• Both parties present final arguments.
• The court delivers judgment:
  • If guilty: the drawer may be punished with imprisonment up to 2 years and/or fine up to double the cheque amount.
  • If not guilty: the case is dismissed.

Step 9: Appeal (if required)

• Either party can file an appeal in the Sessions Court within 30 days of the judgment.

Here’s a clear, step-by-step overview of the journey of a civil case in India — from filing to final judgment — under the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908:

🧭 Journey of a Civil Case – Step by Step

• Examination-in-Chief (by affidavit)
• Cross-examination and Re-examination
  All governed by Order XVIII CPC. |
  | 7️⃣ | Arguments | After evidence, both sides present oral arguments and written submissions (if any). |
  | 8️⃣ | Judgment | The court delivers a reasoned judgment under Order XX CPC, either immediately or within 30 days. |
  | 9️⃣ | Decree | A formal decree (Order XX Rule 6 CPC) follows judgment, recording the final relief granted. |
  | 🔟 | Appeal / Execution | – Appeal (Order XLI CPC) can be filed in the higher court within the limitation period.
• Or else, execution (Order XXI CPC) is filed to enforce the decree. |

🔁 Optional Intermediary Steps

• Interim Applications: Temporary injunctions (Order XXXIX), appointment of receiver, or other reliefs.
• Mediation/ADR: In some cases, courts refer the parties to mediation or Lok Adalat.
• Amendment of Pleadings: Under Order VI Rule 17 CPC, with permission.
• Dismissal for Default or Ex-Parte Hearing: If either party doesn’t appear (Order IX CPC).

🏛️ Example Timeline (Indicative):